Copyright: Copyright ® 1995,1996 JM Gustafson


CLIPBOARD
Contents for QuickGraph Help.

  QuickGraph is an application that quickly graphs mathematical equations in function, polar and parametric modes. It is ideal for algebra through calculus students and those just interested in exploring mathematical graphs.

How to Get Started

The Graph Window

The Equations Dialog

The Viewing Area Dialog

The Keypad Dialog

The Calculator Dialog

The Variables Dialog

The Colors Dialog

The Page Setup Dialog

The Toolbar

The Menus

Keyboard Controls

Rules for Defining Expressions

Hints

Limitations, Bugs and Comments


Keyboard Controls
The Keyboard Controls

The following is a list of keys on the keyboard that are used in QuickGraph.

 Left & Right Cursors:

 In Trace mode - Moves the selection point left and right.

 In Free mode - Shifts the viewing area one unit left or right.

 Up Cursor:

 In Trace mode - Selects the next equation in the Graph window.

 In Free mode - Shifts the viewing area one unit up.

 Down Cursor:

 In Trace mode - Selects the previous equation in the Graph window.

 In Free mode - Shifts the viewing area one unit down.

 Home:  Moves the selection point to the origin (0,0).

 Escape:  Exits from Trace mode to Free mode.


Menus
The QuickGraph Menus

File Menu

Settings Menu

Graph Menu

Help Menu

Floating Menu

Note: Many of the menu functions are also available on the toolbar.


Floating Menu
The Floating Menu

You bring up the floating menu by pressing the right mouse button while the mouse cursor in the Graph window. It provides for quick zooming and other features.

Viewing Area:  Brings up the Viewing Area dialog.

 Zoom In:  If a selection rectangle  is made it zooms in on that area of the graph. Otherwise it zooms in on the graph at the selection point.

 Zoom Out:  Zooms out on the graph at the selection point.

 Goto (0,0):  Moves the selection point to the origin (0,0).

Equations:  Brings up the Equations dialog.

Copy:  Copies a portion of the Graph window to the clipboard

Redraw:  Redraws the contents of the Graph window


Help Menu
The Help Menu

 Contents:  Brings up the QuickGraph help file contents

 How to Use Help:  Help on how to use help

Getting Started:  A tutorial on how to get started using QuickGraph

 Using the Menus:  Help on using the menus

 Using the Toolbar:  Help on using the toolbar

 About:  About this version of QuickGraph


Graph Menu
The Graph Menu

 Algebra

Evaluate:  Evaluates and traces a graph

X-Intercept:  Finds the nearest x-intercept or root of a graph

Y-intercept:  Finds the y-intercept of a graph

 Calculus

Derivative:  Calculates the derivative of a point on a graph

Integral:  Calculates the integral of a portion of a graph

Min:  Finds the nearest local minimum point on a graph

Max:  Finds the nearest local maximum point on a graph

 Draw

Inverse:  Draws the inverse of the selected graph

Derivative:  Draws the derivative of the selected graph

Tangent Line:  Draws a tangent line to a point on the selected graph

 Viewing Area:  Brings up the Viewing Area Dialog

 Equations:  Brings up the Equations Dialog

Copy:  Copies a portion of the Graph window to the clipboard

Redraw: Redraws the contents of the Graph window


File Menu
The File Menu

Open:  (Ctrl+O) Load a set of equations

Save as:  (Ctrl+S) Save a set of equations

Print:  Setup Printer and print the contents of the viewing area

Page Setup:  Setup the way the printer prints the graphs on the page.

Use Calculator:  Brings up the Calculator Dialog

 Exit:  (Ctrl+X) Exit QuickGraph


How to Draw a Derivative

You can draw the derivative of an equation to check your own findings.

1.  Select the graph  you want to draw the derivative of.

2.  Click the Draw Derivative button on the Toolbar  or select Draw->Derivative from the Graph menu.

3.  The derivative of the function will be drawn and can be erased by choosing Redraw from the Graph menu.


Settings Menu
The Settings Menu

The Settings menu is where you select the graph mode and set other important information.

 Graph Mode

Function: (Alt+F1) Switches to function graph mode

Polar: (Alt+F2) Switches to polar graph mode

Parametric: (Alt+F3) Switches to parametric graph mode

 Angle Measure

Radians: Measure angles in radians

Degrees: Measure angles in degrees

 QuickGraph:

Off: Turn QuickGraph mode off; maximum resolution

Fast: Graph 2 times faster; high resolution

Turbo: Graph 4 times faster; medium resolution

Overdrive: Graph 8 times faster; low resolution

 Decimal Places:  (Ctrl+P) Brings up a dialog that allows the user to set how many decimal places will be displayed. Use plus and minus buttons to change. Note: This version supports up to 11 decimal places.

 Colors:  Brings up the Colors Dialog

 Axes On:  (Ctrl+A) Check this item if you want the x and y axes displayed.

 Grid On:  (Ctrl+G) Check this item if you want a grid drawn on the graph window.

 Toolbar On:  (Ctrl+T) Check this item if you want the toolbar  displayed.

 Clock On:  Check this item if you want the time displayed on the information bar.


Getting Started
How to Get Started

This is a quick guide on how to get started graphing. Make sure you're in Function mode by choosing Graph Mode->Function from the Settings menu.

1.  Click on the Equations button (the one with a machine turning x into y) on the Toolbar  to open the Equations Dialog

2.  Click on the Add button, the Keypad dialog  will come up.

3.  Click in the edit control and type, or use the buttons to build the expression:  (x-1/3)(x-2/3)(x-1.5)

4.  Click the OK button when finished to return to the Equations window.

5.  Click on the Exit button in the Equations dialog.

6.  Move the mouse cursor to the point (0, 1). Click and hold the left mouse button down while dragging the cursor to the point (2, -1) to create a selection rectangle and release the mouse button.

7.  Click on the Viewing Area button (the one with a magnifying glass) to open the viewing area dialog  Click on the Okay button. The graph will be redrawn with the new coordinates.

8.  Click on the Evaluate/trace button (right below the Equations button).

9.  Type in the expression: 1/3  in the dialog box and click OK. The info bar  at the bottom of the window shows the value of the function at that point on the x-axis.

10.  Use the left and right cursor keys to trace  along the graph. Press the Esc key or click the left mouse button to exit trace mode.

11.  Click on the X-Intercept button (right below the Evaluate button).

12.  Type in .5 and press Enter. A dialog will come up showing the nearest x-intercept or root of the function.

13.  Click on the Open File button (the one with an open folder).

14.  Select the file DERIV.GPH and click OK.

Now that you have a basic idea of how to use QuickGraph, explore some of the other options on the ToolBar and try creating your own equations.


Page Setup Dialog
The Page Setup Dialog

  The Page Setup dialog is where you customize how the graph looks when printed.

The Axes Labels edit controls are where you type in the names for the horizontal and vertical axes. Leave blank for no labels.

The Title edit control is where you type in a title that will be printed at the top of the page.

The Size edit control is where you define how large to draw the graph in percentage of the actual size of the paper.

Check the Print Equations checkbox to print the equations at the bottom of the graph.


Equation Dialog
The Equations Dialog

  Before you can begin graphing you have to define equations to graph.

 How to...

Add an Equation

Edit an Equation

Delete an Equation

Turn an Equation On/Off

Change an Equation's Color

Change an Equation's Thickness

Set an Equation's Domain

Hint: To clear all of the entries from the equation list, click the Clear All button.


How to Add an Equation

1.  Click on the Add button.

2.  A keypad dialog  will come up:

    a.  In Function Mode, enter a function y in terms of x.

Example: y(x)= ((x+1)^3)/(x-1)^2

    b.  In Polar Mode, enter an equation r in terms of t (theta).

Example: r(t)= 2 * cos (4*t)

    c.  In Parametric Mode, enter an equation x of t, press enter and then y of t.

Example: x(t)= cos t                 y(t)= sin t

3.  When you are finished, click on the Okay button or press the Enter key.


How to Edit an Equation

1.  Click on the equation in the list box you want to edit.

2.  Click on the Edit button or double-click on the equation you want to edit.

3.  A keypad dialog  will come up with the equation in the edit control. Edit the equation as necessary.

4.  When you are finished, click on the Okay button or press the Enter key.


How to Delete an Equation

1.  Click on the equation in the list box you want to delete.

2.  Click on the Delete button.

*Caution: Once you delete something you can't get it back. You should save equations  you want to keep to a disk.


How to Turn an Equation On/Off

You can turn an equation off so it won't graph.

1.  Click on the equation in the list box you want to turn on/off.

2.  Click on the On/Off button.

*Note:  An equation that is turned off has 'Off' appended to the end of it.


How to Change an Equation's Color

By giving each graph a different color you can easily tell them apart.

1.  Click on the equation in the list box you want to edit the color of.

2.  Click on the Change Color button.

3.  Select a color from the Windows color dialog. Press OK to use the new color.


How to Change an Equation's Thickness

You can give each equation's graph a different line thickness to further distinguish them.

1.  Click on the equation in the list box you want to edit the thickness of.

2.  Move the thickness control to set to the desired thickness.


How to Set an Equation's Domain

You can set the domain of each equation to limit the extent of its graph. You must be in Function Mode to use this option.

1.  Click on the equation in the list box you want to change the domain of.

2.  Click on the Domain button to bring up the Domain Dialog.

3.  Type in a mathematical expression for the new limits of the domain. Use   -i   for negative infinity and   i   for positive infinity.

*Note: To restrict the domain for Polar and Parametric graphs set the TMin and TMax variables in the Viewing Area dialog.


How to Print a Graph
How to Print the Contents of the Graph Window

You can print the contents of the graph window at your printer's resolution.

1.  Choose Print from the File menu to open a Print dialog.

2.  To change your printer's setting click the Setup button.

3.  Click OK to print the graphs.

Note: To change the way the graph prints on the page, see Page Setup Dialog.


How to Save a Set of Equations

You can save the current set of equations in the equations list. Also saved are the current dimension variables.

1.  Click on the Save File button on the Toolbar  (the one with a disk on it), or choose Save as from the File menu.

2.  A File dialog will come up. Type in a new name for the file. Files saved with QuickGraph should use the .GPH extension.

3.  Click OK or press Enter to save the file, Cancel to exit.


How to Load a Set of Equation
How to Load a Set of Equations

You can load a set of equations. Caution: Loading equations will erase the current equations and reset dimension variables.

1.  Click on the Open File button on the ToolBar  (the one with a folder on it), or choose Open from the File menu.

2.  A File dialog will come up. Choose or type in the name of the file you want to load. Files loaded into QuickGraph should have a .GPH extension.

3.  Click OK or press Enter to load the file, Cancel to exit.


Graph Window
The Graph Window

  The graph window is where you view the graphs of your equations.

 How to...

Select a Graph

Set the Viewing Area Dimensions of the Graph Window

Evaluate/Trace a Graph

Find an X-Intercept or Root

Find the Y-Intercept

Find a Derivative

Find an Integral

Find a Min

Find a Max

Draw the Inverse of a Function

Draw the Derivative of an Equation

Draw a Tangent Line

Copy a Graph to the Clipboard

Redraw the Graph Window


How to Redraw the Graph Window

At times it may be necessary to redraw the Graph window.

1.  Choose Redraw from the Graph menu.


How to Copy a Graph
How to Copy a Graph to the Cipboard

You can copy a bitmap image of a region of the Graph window to the clipboard  to export it to a drawing or desktop publishing program.

1.  Draw a selection rectangle  around the region you want to copy.

2.  Click the Copy button on the Toolbar  or select Copy from the Graph menu.

3.  The application you want to transfer the information to must be able to read bitmap (.BMP) files. Refer to the documentation supplied with your application to learn how to do this.


How to Find a Max
Finding a Max

You can find a local maximum point on a graph.

1.  Click the Max button on the Toolbar  or select Calculus->Max from the Graph menu.

2.  Type in a number or an expression  for the left side x-value approximation where you think a max might exist.

3.  Click the OK button or press Enter.

4.  If a max is found it will be displayed in a dialog.


How to Find a Min

You can find a local minimum point on a graph.

1.  Click the Min button on the toolbar  or select Calculus->Min from the Graph menu.

2.  Type in a number or an expression  for the left side x-value approximation where you think a min might exist.

3.  Click the OK button or press Enter.

4.  If a min is found it will be displayed in a dialog.


How to Find an Integral

You can find the integral or the area under a graph.

1.  Click the Integral button on the toolbar or select Calculus->Integral from the Graph menu to bring up the Integral dialog.

2.  Type in a number or an expression  for the x-values where you want to start and end the integral. Note: To select a region to find the integral of graphically, draw a selection rectangle  around the region.

3.  Click the OK button or press Enter.

4.  If an integral is found it will be displayed in a dialog.


How to Draw an Inverse Function

You can draw the inverse of a function to check your own findings. Note: Inverse functions drawn this way are not always one-to-one.

1.  Select the graph  you want to draw the inverse of.

2.  Click the Draw Inverse button on the Toolbar  or select Draw->Inverse from the Graph menu.

3.  The inverse function will be drawn and can be erased by choosing Redraw from the Graph menu.


How to Draw a Tangent Line

You can draw a tangent line of a graph at any point in the viewing rectangle . This function can also be used while tracing derivatives.

1.  Click the Draw TanLine button on the Toolbar  or select Draw->Tangent Line from the Graph menu.

2.  Type in a number or an expression  for the x-value where you want to draw a tangent line.

3.  Click the OK button or press Enter.

4.  A line will be drawn and can be erased by choosing Redraw from the Graph menu.


How to Find a Derivative
How to Find a Derivative on a Graph

You can find a derivative on a graph then trace along it to find the derivatives of consecutive points.

1.  Click the Derivative button on the Toolbar  or select Calculus->Derivative from the Graph menu.

2.  Type in a number or an expression  for the x-value you want to find the derivative of.

3.  Click the OK button or press Enter.

4.  The selection point  will be moved to the point on the graph you are evaluating and the derivative for that point will be displayed in the information bar  after 'dy/dx='.

5.  The Graph window will enter trace mode.  Use the left and right cursor keys to move along the graph.

7.  Use the up and down cursor keys to scroll through the list of graphs - or - click the plus and minus buttons on the toolbar.

8.  When done tracing, click the left mouse button or press the Esc key.


How to Find the Y-Intercept
How to Find the Y-Intercept of a Graph

You can find the y-intercept of a graph.

1.  Click the Y-Int button the Toolbar  or select Algebra->Y-Intecept from the Graph menu.

2.  If there is a y-intercept it will be displayed in a dialog.


How to Find an X-Intercept or Root
How to Find an X-Intercept or Root of a Graph

You can find a root or x-intercept of a graph.

1.  Click the X-Int button on the Toolbar  or select Algebra->X-Intercept from the Graph menu.

2.  Type in a number or an expression  for the left side x-value approximation where you think a root might exist.

3.  If a root is found it will be displayed in a dialog. If not try a different approximation.


How to Evaluate/Trace a Graph

You can evaluate a graph for any x value in the Graph window then trace along it to evaluate consecutive x values.

1.  Click the Evaluate button on the Toolbar  or select Algebra->Evaluate from the Graph menu.

2.  Type in a number or an expression  for the x value you want to evaluate.

3.  Click the OK button or press Enter.

4.  The selection point  will be moved to the point on the graph you are evaluating.

5.  The Graph window will enter trace mode.

6.  Use the left and right cursor keys to move along the graph.

7.  Use the up and down cursor keys to scroll through the list of graphs - or - click the plus and minus buttons on the toolbar.

8.  When done tracing, click the left mouse button or press the Esc key.


How to Select a graph

You must select a graph of an equation you want to perform various functions on.

1.  The information bar  at the bottom of the graph window shows which equation is selected (at the far right side, ex: f1).

2.  To select another equation click the Plus or Minus buttons on the Toolbar  or use the up and down cursor keys to scroll through the list of graphs.


How to Set the Viewing Area

Edit the dimension variables to change the dimensions of the viewing Rectangle.

1.  Either click the Viewing Area button on the Toolbar , choose Viewing Area from the Graph Menu, or click the right mouse button and choose Viewing Area from the Floating Menu.

2.  The Viewing Area dialog will come up. Use the tab key to move between edit controls.

3.  Type in a new value or an expression  (i.e. 2*pi).

4.  You can also use the buttons on the right of the screen to get preset values.

Note: See also The Viewing Area Dialog


Calculator Dialog
The Calculator Dialog

The Calculator Dialog is where you can evaluate mathematical expressions.

 How to Evaluate an Expression

There are two ways to enter an expression to evaluate:

1.  Type in a mathematical expression in the edit box at the top of the dialog then press enter or click the Evaluate button.

- or -

2.  Click on the Keypad button and build a mathematical expression.

 The buttons:

Key Pad: Brings up the Keypad dialog

Variables: Brings up the Variables dialog

Clear: Clears the contents of the edit control.

Reset: Clears the contents of the list box.

Note: The list box keeps track of the last 20 expressions evaluated. Double-click an entry in the list box to copy it to the edit control.


Viewing Area Dialog
The Viewing Area Dialog

The Viewing Area dialog is where you set the dimensions of the viewing rectangle.

 The edit controls are:

x Min: The minimum x value that will be graphed.

x Max: The maximum x value that will be graphed.

x Scale: The distance between tick marks or grid lines on the x-axis.

y Min: The minimum y value that will be graphed.

y Max: The maximum y value that will be graphed.

y Scale: The distance between tick marks or grid lines on the y-axis.

t Min: In Polar and Parametric modes; The minimum t value used.

t Max: In Polar and Parametric modes; The maximum t value used.

t Step: In Polar and Parametric modes; The amount added to t at each step.

*(Caution a very small t-Step could result in a graph taking a very long time to draw.)

 The button controls are:

Standard: Sets the standard dimensions.

Trig: Sets the dimensions to standard trigonometry values.

Square: Sets the dimensions so the viewing area appears square.

Previous: Sets the dimensions to the previous values.

Zoom In: Zooms in on the selected point  on the graph 2 times.

Zoom Out: Zooms out from the selected point on the graph 2 times.

Cancel: Cancels any changes made and returns to the graph window.

Okay: Returns to the graph window and causes it to redraw with the new viewing area.


Keypad Dialog
The Keypad Dialog

The keypad dialog is where you build a mathematical expression.

To directly edit the expression click in the edit box at the top of the dialog.

To indirectly edit the expression click on the many buttons in the dialog.

 The button controls are:

arc: Used before a trigonometric function to make it inverse.

hyp: Used after a trigonometric function to make it hyperbolic.

sin: Returns the sine of the expression following it.

cos: Returns the cosine of the expression following it.

tan: Returns the tangent of the expression following it.

csc: Returns the cosecant of the expression following it.

sec: Returns the secant of the expression following it.

cot: Returns the cotangent of the expression following it.

int: Returns the greatest integer of the expression following it.

abs: Returns the absolute value of the expression following it.

log: Returns the logarithm, base 10, of the expression following it.

ln: Returns the natural log of the expression following it.

e^: Returns natural base e to the power of the expression following it.

sqrt: Returns the square root of the expression following it.

n^2: Returns the square of the expression preceding it.

n!: Returns the factorial of the integer preceding it.

Clr: Clears the edit box.

(: Open parentheses.

): Close parentheses.

x: Returns the current value of the variable 'x'.

t: Returns the current value of the variable 't'.

pi: Returns the value of pi (3.1415...).

var: Brings up The Variable Dialog

^: Raises the preceding expression to the following.

/: Divides the preceding expression by the following.

*: Multiplies the preceding expression by the following.

-: Subtracts the following expression from the preceding.

+: Adds the preceding expression to the following.

=: Sets a preceding variable to the value of the following expression.


Colors Dialog
The Colors Dialog

  The Colors dialog is where you can customize the color and thickness of the axes, grid or drawing functions(Tangent Line, Inverse, Derivative).

1. Click on the item you want to change the color and line thickness of.

2. Click the Change Color button to open a Windows color dialog. Choose a color.

3. Use the Thickness scroll bar to change the thickness of the line.

4. Click OK to accept or Cancel to undo changes.


Variable Dialog
The Variable Dialog

The variable dialog is where you view a list of the variables and their current values.

 How to insert a variable into an expression.

1.  Find the variable in the list box you wish to use and click on it.

2.  Either click on the Use button or double-click the mouse on the chosen variable.

 How to delete a variable.

1.  Click on the variable in the list box you want to remove, except for the first five which can't be deleted.

2.  Click on the Delete button.

 How to create a new variable.

1.  Click on the New button.

2.  Type in a name for the new variable. Click Ok when done.

 How to change the value of a variable.

1.  Find the variable in the list box you wish to edit and click on it.

2.  Click on the Value button.

3.  Type in a mathematical expression.  Click OK when done.


Limitations, Bugs & Comments
Limitations, Bugs and Comments

As any good math teacher will tell you, a graphing application is only as good as the person using it. There are certain limitations to the accuracy of QuickGraph.

 Limitations

QuickGraph uses real numbers within the range of 2.9 x 10^-39 to 1.7 x 10^38 to perform computations. Any results or numbers entered larger or smaller than that will cause the program to terminate with a runtime error.

Floating point numbers are displayed with up to 11 decimal places. A number less than 1 x 10^(-11) may be displayed as zero.

When taking the odd root of the independent variable, x or t (i.e. x^(1/3)), negative values of the variable will not be graphed even though it is possible to take the odd root of a negative number.

 Graph Menu Functions

Most of the functions in the Graph menu, such as X-Intercept, Min and Max, use complicated algorithms to find an answer. Answers found using these functions are only approximate and should be treated as such. Sometimes an answer may not be found at all.

 Bugs

As far as I know there are no bugs in this program. If you happen to find one, please report it. I can be reached by E-Mail on: WorldTree1@aol.com

 Comments

If you have comments or questions, they can be addressed to: WorldTree1@aol.com

Please let me know what might make future versions of QuickGraph easier to use.

I'd like to thank the Math and CIS departments at Santa Rosa Junior College for giving me the knowlege to put a program like this together.


Mathematical Expressions

A mathematical expression is a combination of symbols representing a value, relation or the like. QuickGraph uses standard algebraic rules for building expressions.

 Priority for operators:

1. ^ (power)

2.  Unary - (negation; i.e. -1)

3.  *, / (multiply, divide)

4.  +, - (add, subtract)

 Priority rules:

1.  Operators having the same priority are performed in order, from left to right.

2.  If an expression contains subexpressions enclosed in parentheses, these are evaluated first. If there are nested parentheses, the innermost are evaluated first.

 Expression rules:

1.  Any whitespace (spaces, tabs) in an expression are ignored.

2.  The multiplication symbol (*) is optional between...

a number and a variable: 2x = 2*x

two subexpressions: (x+2)(x-1) = (x+2)*(x-1)

or a subexpression and a variable: x(x+2) = x*(x+2)

 Variables rules:

1.  A variable name must start with a letter and can be a combination of letters, numbers and the underscore (_).

Examples: My_Var, PiOver2, x1Var

2.  The maximum length of a variable is sixteen characters.

3.  Variable names are not case sensitive.

Example: MyVar = mYvAR = MYVAR

4.  To create or define an existing variable, use the equals sign.

Example: MyVar = 2pi*x

 Mathematical and Trigonometric Functions rules:

1.  A function can be followed by a number, variable or expression enclosed in parentheses.

Examples: cos 0, abs x, sin (pi/2)

2.  The complete list of functions is contained in the Keypad dialog


Toolbar
The QuickGraph Toolbar

The Toolbar offers quick access to the most used functions of QuickGraph. Most buttons on the toolbar are also accessible through the menus.


Hints
A Few Hints

1. Press the Home key to move the selection point  to the origin (0,0).

2. Use the floating menu  to quickly zoom in on graphs by clicking the right mouse button.

3. When the mouse cursor is positioned over a button on the toolbar or a menu item, a brief description is displayed in the information bar.

4. To set the limits of integration graphically, draw a selection rectangle  around the region you want to integrate.

5. When finding mins, maxs or x-intercepts, place a selection point  near your approximation.

6. If you get a runtime error because of a number too large for QGraph to handle, try using different dimensions for the viewing rectangle.  If that doesn't work move on because the equation is producing y values too large for the program to handle.

7. To change the colors of the axes and grid select Colors from the Settings menu to bring up the Colors dialog.


Definition
Selection Rectangle

A rectangular area on the graph marked by dotted lines used to select an area for zooming or copying. To create a selection rectangle, click and hold the left mouse button down, drag the mouse cursor to the bottom right corner of the area you want to select and release the button.


Definition
Selection Point

A small crosshair placed on the Graph window, used to select points for evaluating, etc.


Definition
Information Bar

The gray strip at the bottom of the Graph window. It displays information like the selected equation, the current coordinates of the mouse cursor, the derivative, and special instructions.


Definition
Free Mode

When in free mode, the x and y position of the mouse cursor is constantly updated on the left side of the information bar.


Definition
Trace Mode

You enter trace mode when you evaluate or find the derivative of an equation. Tracing allows you to evaluate consecutive points along the graph of an equation. Press escape or click the left mouse button to exit trace mode.


Definition
Viewing Rectangle

The area of the graph that is visible in the Graph window.


Definition
Clipboard

The clipboard is an area in memory that can be accessed by all Windows applications that support it. It is used to exchange data between applications.


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